J Urol 183:441–447Ĭhase J, Austin P, Hoebeke P, McKenna P (2010) The management of dysfunctional voiding in children: a report from the standardisation committee of the International Children’s Continence Society. Nevéus T, Eggert P, Evans J, Macedo A, Rittig S, Tekgül S, Vande Walle J, Yeung CK, Robson L, International Children's Continence Society (2010) Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children’s Continence Society. Nevéus T, von Gontard A, Hoebeke P, Hjälmås K, Bauer S, Bower W, Jørgensen TM, Rittig S, Walle JV, Yeung CK, Djurhuus JC (2006) The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: report from the standardization committee of the International Children’s Continence Society. Sá CA, Gusmão Paiva AC, de Menezes MC, de Oliveira LF, Gomes CA, de Figueiredo AA, de Bessa J Jr, Netto JM (2016) Increased risk of physical punishment among enuretic children with family history of enuresis. Von Gontard A, Baeyens D, Van Hoecke E, Warzak WJ, Bachmann C (2011) Psychological and psychiatric issues in urinary and fecal incontinence. Acta Paediatr 95:1648–1652īachmann C, Lehr D, Janhsen E, Sambach H, Muehlan H, von Gontard A, Bachmann H (2009) Health related quality of life of a tertiary referral center population with urinary incontinence using the DCGM-10 questionnaire. Gladh G, Eldh M, Mattson S (2006) Quality of life in neurologically healthy children with urinary incontinence. Nevéus T (2011) Nocturnal enuresis-theoretic background and practical guidelines. In patients with findings of overactive bladder, besides urotherapy, anticholinergic drugs may be useful.īuckley BS, Lapitan MC, Epidemiology Committee of the Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence, Paris 2008 (2010) Prevalence of urinary incontinence in men, women, and children-current evidence: findings of the Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence. Children with NMEN first need treatment of the underlying daytime functional bladder problem before treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Alarm therapy and the use of desmopressin have been shown to be effective in randomized trials. The mainstay of treatment is urotherapy with information and psychoeducation about normal lower urinary tract function, the underlying cause of MEN, disturbed bladder dysfunction in the child with NMEN and instructions about therapeutic strategies. Diagnostic procedures include medical history and psychological screening with questionnaires, bladder and bowel diary, physical examination, urinalysis, ultrasound, and examination of residual urine. A careful clinical history is fundamental to the evaluation of enuresis. The rate of comorbid gastrointestinal, behavioral, and emotional disorders is elevated depending upon the subtype of NE. NMEN is associated with dysfunction of the lower urinary tract with or without daytime incontinence. MEN occurs without any other symptoms of bladder dysfunction. Enuresis can be categorized into monosymptomatic (MEN) and nonmonosymptomatic (NMEN) forms. Approximately 10% of 7-year-old children wet the bed regularly during sleep. Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common health problem.
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